Types and Classification Methods of Purification Engineering
2024.11.08
In many fields such as modern industrial production, scientific research experiments, and medical and health care, purification engineering plays a crucial role. It can create a clean space that meets the requirements for specific environments, ensuring the smooth progress of production and research as well as the health and safety of people. This article will introduce in detail the types of purification engineering and common classification methods.
I. Types of Purification Engineering
(I) Industrial Purification Engineering
1. Purification Engineering in the Electronic Industry
The manufacturing process of electronic chips has extremely high environmental requirements. In key processes such as photolithography and etching of chips, even the tiniest dust particles can cause short - circuits or other performance problems in the chips. Therefore, purification engineering in the electronic industry needs to create an ultra - high - cleanliness space, generally reaching the ISO1 - ISO3 standard. This type of purification engineering also has strict requirements for temperature, humidity, and static control. Usually, the temperature should be controlled within 22℃ ± 1℃, and the humidity should be between 45% and 55% to ensure the stable operation of production equipment and the yield rate of chip manufacturing.
2. Purification Engineering in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical production is related to human life and health. From the processing of raw materials to the production of preparations, a clean environment is required. For example, in the production workshop of injections, microorganisms and dust in the air may contaminate the drugs, causing serious medical accidents. According to different production links, the cleanliness requirements of pharmaceutical purification engineering vary. Generally, in the key areas of sterile drug production, such as the filling process, a cleanliness level of grade A (equivalent to ISO5) is required, while the background areas may be grade C or D (equivalent to ISO7 - ISO8). At the same time, this type of purification engineering should also focus on ventilation and air sterilization treatment to prevent cross - contamination.
3. Purification Engineering in the Food Industry
During food processing, especially for some foods with extremely high hygiene standards, such as infant milk powder and health - care foods, purification engineering is essential. Purification engineering in the food industry mainly aims to prevent problems such as microbial contamination and foreign matter mixing. In the drying and packaging processes of milk powder production, the number of dust and microorganisms in the environment needs to be controlled, and the cleanliness generally needs to reach the ISO7 - ISO8 level. In addition, the purification engineering should also consider preventing pest invasion and chemical contamination to ensure the safety and quality of food.
(II) Biological Purification Engineering
1. Biological Purification Engineering in Laboratories
In biological scientific research laboratories, especially in fields involving research on highly pathogenic microorganisms and genetic engineering experiments, purification engineering is the key to ensuring the safety of laboratory personnel and the accuracy of experimental results. For example, in P3 and P4 - level biosafety laboratories, the air flow direction needs to be strictly controlled, and a negative - pressure design should be adopted to prevent the leakage of microorganisms. At the same time, the purification system should have a highly efficient air - filtering function, with a filtering efficiency of more than 99.97% for particles with a diameter of more than 0.3μm, and specialized disinfection and sterilization equipment should be equipped to timely handle the laboratory space and waste.
2. Purification Engineering in Hospital Operating Rooms
The hospital operating room is an important place for saving lives, and purification engineering can reduce the risk of surgical infections. Operating rooms are divided into different levels according to the type of surgery and cleanliness requirements. For example, organ transplantation, heart surgery, etc. need to be performed in grade I particularly clean operating rooms, with a cleanliness standard of ISO5. The air exchange rate per hour can reach 30 - 40 times to ensure the air quality in the surgical area. At the same time, environmental factors such as lighting, temperature, and humidity in the operating room should also be strictly controlled to provide good conditions for the smooth progress of the surgery.
(III) Other Special Purification Engineering Related to Clean Rooms
1. Purification Engineering in the Aerospace Industry
During the manufacturing and assembly of aerospace parts, tiny impurities may affect the performance of the parts and the reliability of the spacecraft. For example, in the assembly workshop of satellite optical components, operations need to be carried out in an extremely clean environment to prevent dust from affecting the accuracy of the optical lens. This type of purification engineering has high requirements for the stability of the environment and the long - term maintenance of cleanliness, and also needs to prevent electrostatic damage to precision electronic components.
2. Purification Engineering in the Precision Instrument Manufacturing Industry
The production environment of precision instruments such as high - end microscopes and lithography machines requires a high degree of cleanliness. During the assembly process of these instruments, tiny dust particles may enter the interior of the instruments, affecting their accuracy and performance. The cleanliness requirement is usually at the ISO4 - ISO6 level, and factors such as vibration and electromagnetic interference in the production environment should be strictly controlled to ensure the high quality of instrument manufacturing.
II. Classification Methods of Purification Engineering
(I) Classification by Cleanliness Level
This is one of the most common classification methods. The international standard ISO14644 divides the cleanliness into different levels from ISO1 to ISO9. The smaller the number, the higher the cleanliness. For example, in an ISO1 - level clean room, the number of particles with a diameter greater than 0.1μm in each cubic meter of air is no more than 10, while the restriction on the number of particles in an ISO9 - level clean room is relatively loose. In practical applications, high - precision industries such as electronic chip manufacturing mostly require an ultra - clean environment of ISO1 - ISO3 levels, while general food processing workshops may only need to meet the ISO7 - ISO8 level.
(II) Classification by Industry Application
As mentioned above, it can be divided into purification engineering in different industries such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, food, biology, and aerospace. Each industry has different focuses on cleanliness, temperature and humidity, air flow direction, anti - static, etc. due to the particularity of its production or research objects. This classification method is helpful for designing and implementing purification engineering schemes according to the characteristics of different industries.
(III) Classification by Airflow Organization Form
1. Unidirectional - flow Clean Room
In a unidirectional - flow clean room, the air flow moves along a single direction at a uniform cross - sectional speed. The air flows from the end with high cleanliness to the end with low cleanliness. This airflow organization form can effectively carry away dust particles, keeping the clean room at a high cleanliness level. It is often used in places with extremely high cleanliness requirements, such as the photolithography workshop of electronic chip manufacturing and some high - level biosafety laboratories.
2. Non - unidirectional - flow Clean Room (Turbulent - flow Clean Room)
The airflow organization form of the non - unidirectional - flow clean room is relatively complex, and the air flow direction is not single. The air filtered by the high - efficiency filter forms a mixed air flow in the room, diluting the concentration of dust particles in the room. This type of clean room has relatively low construction costs and is suitable for occasions with relatively low cleanliness requirements, such as some ordinary pharmaceutical preparation workshops and food packaging workshops.
(IV) Classification by Control Object
1. Purification Engineering for Particle Control
It mainly focuses on the control of dust, microorganisms and other particles in the air. Through high - efficiency air filters, air purification equipment and other means, the concentration of particles in the environment is reduced to meet the cleanliness requirements of production or experiments. Most purification engineering includes this important content of particle control.
2. Purification Engineering for Microbial Control
In the pharmaceutical, biological and other fields, in addition to particle control, the control of microorganisms is particularly critical. In addition to using air - filtering technology, this type of purification engineering will also use various methods such as ultraviolet sterilization and chemical disinfection to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, ensuring that the environmental microbial indicators meet relevant standards.
3. Purification Engineering for Chemical Pollution Control
In some production processes that are sensitive to chemical substances, such as the chemical vapor deposition process in semiconductor manufacturing, the control of chemical pollutants in the environment is required. Purification engineering will adopt special adsorbent materials, ventilation systems and other measures to prevent the accumulation and pollution of chemical gases, ensuring the stability of the production process and product quality.
In conclusion, understanding the types and classification methods of purification engineering is of great significance for the rational design, construction and operation of purification engineering. Different types and classifications of purification engineering are intertwined, jointly providing a strong guarantee for the high - quality development of various fields in modern society. Our Guangzhou Kunling Purification Equipment Co., Ltd. has been committed to providing customers with high - quality and professional purification engineering solutions to meet the special needs of different industries and contribute to the creation of clean and safe production and research environments.
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